Musculoskeletal Injuries (MSI) refer to damage of muscular or skeletal systems, usually due to strenuous activity. In other words, MSIs are any injury that affects the bones, muscles, ligaments, nerves, or tendons resulting in pain. 

Musculoskeletal disorders are diseases or lesions that damage the body's motion or musculoskeletal structure, including nerves, muscles, tendons, and bones. Injuries to the musculoskeletal system are relatively common worldwide.  

Musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) are prevalent and frequently seen in therapeutic settings. Pain caused by Musculoskeletal Injuries can either be local or affect the whole body, mainly due to accidental falls, repetitive movements, overuse of the joints, dislocations, and blunt blows. Musculoskeletal pain can also be chronic, resulting from poor posture and extended periods of immobilization.

Most of the time, our body movements do not cause problems, but it's not surprising that symptoms develop from everyday wear and tear, overuse, or an injury. Toe, foot, or ankle injuries most commonly occur during:

• Sports or recreational activities

• Work-related tasks

• Work or projects around the home

An acute injury occurs from a direct blow, a penetrating injury, a fall or from twisting, jerking, jamming, or bending a limb abnormally. Your pain may be sudden and severe. Bruising and swelling may develop soon after your injury. Acute injuries include:

• Bruises or contusions

• Injuries to ligaments that support your joints

• Injuries in the tendons, such as ruptured tendons in your heel (Achilles tendon)

• Injuries in the joints (sprains)

• Pulled muscles (strains)

• Broken bones (fractures)

• Dislocation

• Compartment syndrome

This type of injury occurs when too much stress is placed on your joint or other tissue, often by “overdoing” an activity, and includes:

• Retrocalcaneal bursitis (inflammation of the bursa)

• Achilles tendinitis or tendonitis (tendinopathy)

• Stress fracture (a hairline crack in a bone)

• Plantar fasciitis

• Metatarsalgia

The ankle joint is composed of bones that are held together by ligaments, bones, and tendons. It functions by supporting and balancing the whole body. Injuries to bones, muscles, or soft tissue can cause ankle problems. Common ankle problems include ankle sprain, bony fractures, tendons, and joint inflammation. The ankle is the most commonly injured body part resulting from overuse, running, and jumping.

Treatment for ankle conditions is dependent on the symptoms and mechanism underlying the damage as:

• Steroid treatment to alleviate inflammation and pain symptoms

• Ankle arthroplasty

• Fusion of the ankle bones to achieve stability

• Medications to treat inflammation and swelling of the ankle

• Reconstructive surgeries for tendons and ligaments

• Physical therapy to relax and elongate the shorted muscles resulting from stiffness and spasm

Stem Cells are the natural repair process of your body parts. SCs are present in our fat cells and bone marrow cells, and in this case, we use Mesenchymal Stem Cells from donor cord blood. If you place the Stem Cells over the area of damage, then these cells can lead to the activation of new and healthy cells. This healing process is what our body needs. Stem Cell Therapy helps boost body repair mechanisms and introduces new Stem Cells.

The ability of wounded adult tissue to regenerate damaged tissues shows that cells can play a vital role in the healing process. Musculoskeletal Injuries result in damage and deformed structures of the Musculoskeletal system, which are generally treated with medications and surgeries. However, Stem Cell Therapy is centered on working on muscles and tissue repair with an excellent prognosis. Stem Cells have been demonstrated to enhance recovery when carefully implanted into cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

Bone marrow-derived Stem Cells are specialized in cell repair and regeneration. Mesenchymal Stem Cells are one of the potential rejuvenation cells transported to the bloodstream.  These cells execute healing effects at the injury site and treat Musculoskeletal Injuries by strengthening the body's natural ability to heal other than the traditional treatment strategies.

Autoimmune Diseases develop when your immunity, which typically defends you from illness and infection, becomes misunderstood and destroys normal tissue in your body.

The defense system of the body works against a variety of diseases and injuries, including Musculoskeletal Injuries. 

After a musculoskeletal injury, both the adaptive and innate immune responses are engaged. Cells of the immune system are gathered systematically to improve the surroundings for each step of regeneration. In the first phase of pro-inflammatory response, satellite cells get in action after washing out the dead cells. Simultaneously, cortisol activation removes T- cells in the lymphatic system. Furthermore, elevated acidity affects the redistribution of leukocytes linked to the higher response of catecholaminergic that plays a vital role in regeneration. The communication between the musculoskeletal and immune systems appears to be strong, carefully regulated, and influenced by various circumstances.

Undifferentiated cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate are known as Stem Cells. Stem Cells can be totipotent, which are capable of giving growth to all cell types, pluripotent who can distinguish into any of three germ layers, multipotent with the ability to differentiate into the number of closely linked cells such as adult-derived Stem Cells, or unipotent, which are allowed to offer only one cell type. 

Multipotent Stem Cells or adult-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells are the most commonly used SCs types for treating Musculoskeletal Injuries because they can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and myocytes. Some sources used to extract Mesenchymal Stem Cells are synovium, tissue, umbilical cord, bone marrow, and fat. Among these sources, bone marrow is the most frequently used source used in clinical settings. MSCs can be concentrated just after bone marrow extraction. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate is obtained through the centrifugation process. 

Ultrasonography or fluoroscopy is used during regenerative stem cell injections, guaranteeing stem cell placement at suitable locations. Stem Cells are then injected into the injured region after it has been disinfected and anesthetized to induce a healing response and repair and strengthen weaker tissue.

Stem Cell Therapy and Exosomes provide an efficient opportunity for treating Musculoskeletal disorders on account of miRNAs, which play a vital role in the prevention and progression of different diseases. Cartilage destruction can be one of the most common results of musculoskeletal disorders. Silencing miRNA-101 through exosomes can help prevent cartilage degradation in the case of arthritis. 

Osteoclast differentiation and bone-forming cell proliferation is another significant result of MSCs-Exosomes Therapy. Different studies proved that Exosomes could help in protection against acute tubular injuries. These cells mediate the interaction between cells and stimulate cell proliferation to control several diseases and traumas. For instance, these cells are involved (directly) in the transfer of microRNAs to affect the signal transduction pathways into the targeted cells. This process can be used as a microRNA cell therapy for most age-related musculoskeletal diseases and disorders.